Byung-Chul Han makes it clear that rituals and depression are incompatible. Rituals, he says, relate us to the world. They distract us from our selves, and that unburdens us and makes life lighter. An excessive fixation on the self is a depression-causing trap. Rituals also protect us from the most painful, caustic effects of raw emotion.
In Paul Murray’s novel The Bee Sting, characters become obsessed with discovering and revealing to themselves the most authentic way of being. They turn into closed down systems that are constantly trying to figure out who they really are. In such an exercise, the self is ceaselessly trying to produce itself. That makes all of these characters miserable. They thought that circling down the deep drain of their inner life in hopes of reaching its ever elusive center is what freedom was about. In reality, this was worse than any jail.

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