Where Kotkin’s book really delivers is the discussion of why the Russian Empire entered into a suicidal war against Germany in 1914. I have never read a clearer, better argued analysis of Nicholas II’s decision to bring his tottering empire into this ridiculous war that served no actual purpose in terms of foreign relations.
Kotkin argues that the reason why Nicholas declared war on Germany was purely internal. The tsar resented his authoritarian powers being curbed even to a tiny extent by the Duma (or the Russian version of a parliament that the tsar had been forced to accept back in 1905). The tsar was convinced that Russia didn’t need a constitutional monarchy and was made very sulky by the attempts to move the country in that direction.
The tsar’s hope was that a massive war against Germany would create a feeling of a mystical union between the people and the tsar, sweeping away the needless parliament. Yes, he was that stupid. This actually wasn’t among the most bizarre of his ideas.
Of course, the result of the war was quite the opposite of what the tsar had envisioned: the people got extremely angry at the tsar for sending them to die for no particular reason and ended up killing the tsar and his whole family.