Another question is what makes some cities become not real cities? Why is there a massive migration out of some cities but not out of others?
Toronto, for instance, even undertook a reverse migration where people got fed up with living in the city’s butt ugly and hugely overpriced suburbs and massively moved back to the city.
Why did St. Louis become a not real city while Chicago didn’t? What is the big difference between the two? Chicago has a higher crime rate, the climate is intolerable to many people, yet it is alive. St. Louis has a much better climate (from the conventional point of view) but it stands empty.